The researchers reported 56 vulnerabilities and said that the products were "insecure by design". In 2022, the OT:ICEFALL study examined products by 10 different Operational Technology (OT) vendors. Username and password information should not be included in a configuration file or a properties file in cleartext as this will allow anyone who can read the file access to the resource. This configuration file includes username and password information for a connection to a database but the pair is stored in cleartext. The following example shows a portion of a configuration file for an ASP.Net application. # Java Web App ResourceBundle properties file. This Java example shows a properties file with a cleartext username / password pair. The files include username and password information but they are stored in cleartext. The following examples show a portion of properties and configuration files for Java and ASP.NET applications. Even worse is the fact that if this program is distributed as a binary-only distribution, it is very difficult to change that password or disable this "functionality." Example Three The following code is an example of an internal hard-coded password in the back-end: int VerifyAdmin ( char * password ) Įvery instance of this program can be placed into diagnostic mode with the same password. class 22 : ldc # 36 //String jdbc:mysql:///rxsql 24 : ldc # 38 //String scott 26 : ldc # 17 //String tiger Example Two The result of this operation might look something like the following for the example above: javap - c ConnMngr. Even worse, if attackers have access to the bytecode for application, they can use the javap -c command to access the disassembled code, which will contain the values of the passwords used. A devious employee with access to this information can use it to break into the system. Once the program has shipped, there is no going back from the database user "scott" with a password of "tiger" unless the program is patched. This code will run successfully, but anyone who has access to it will have access to the password. This is an example of an external hard-coded password on the client-side of a connection. getConnection ( url, "scott", "tiger" ). The following code uses a hard-coded password to connect to a database. Note that the examples here are by no means exhaustive and any given weakness may have many subtle varieties, each of which may require different detection methods or runtime controls. The following examples help to illustrate the nature of this weakness and describe methods or techniques which can be used to mitigate the risk. Client-side systems with hard-coded passwords pose even more of a threat, since the extraction of a password from a binary is usually very simple. Any user of that program may be able to extract the password. The programmer may simply hard-code those back-end credentials into the front-end product. The back-end service may require a fixed password which can be easily discovered. The Outbound variant applies to front-end systems that authenticate with a back-end service.
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